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The word cockroach is stemmed from the Spanish cucaracha. The cockroach is characterizable by a flat oval body, long stringlike antennae, and a gloss black or brown leathery integument. The head is aimed downward, and the mouthparts are pointed backward instead of forward or downward as is the case in most other insects. The male frequently has two pairs of wings, whereas the female, who in some species, is wingless or possesses vestigial wings. The female creates eggs in egg cases (called oothecae). These are occasionally held protruding from her body or might be stuck in protected locations. After the female deposits an egg case, the soft, white nymphs emerge. As their exoskeleton toughens, it turns brown in hue. The geometry and big size (some species have a wingspread measurement of over 12 cm [4.7 inches]) of cockroaches have become a singular study in the biological laboratory.

The cockroach prefers a warm, humid, dark living and is more often than not found in tropical and other mild climates. Only a small number species have become pests. The insect damages more material than it digests and emits a disgusting smell. The diet of the roach, which can be both plant and animal produce, goes from food, paper, clothing, and books to dead insects, including bedbugs. Insecticides should be taken in roach removing.

The American cockroach (species Periplaneta americana) is 30 to 50 mm long (up to about 2 inches), reddish brown, and lives out of doors or in dark, heated indoor places (e.g., basements and furnace rooms). In adult life, lasting about 1.5 years, the female generates 50 or more oothecae, each containing around 16 eggs that hatch after 45 days. Nymphal life lasts from 11 to 14 months. The American cockroach, a native of tropical and subtropical America, has well-developed wings. However, most species are unlikely to be good flyers.

The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a common house pest and is often erroneously called a waterbug, is light brown with two dark stripes on the prothoracic region. The female generates the ootheca three days post mating and carries it for generally around 20 days. Because it is tiny (about 12 mm [less than 0.5 inch] long), this cockroach frequently is carried into residences in grocery bags and boxes; it has been taken throughout the globe by ship. Three or more generations could live yearly. This cockroach, found in abundance throughout the water pipes of the Croton Aqueduct in New York City, is labeled the Croton bug.

The brown-banded cockroach (Supella supellectilium) is similar to the German cockroach but is slightly smaller. The male possesses completely developed wings and is lighter in hue than the female, whose wings are short and nonfunctional. Both sexes have two light-coloured bands along the back. The adult life span is about 200 days, and there can be two generations a year. Eggs are be deposited in clothes, wood molding, or cracks in the floor. With the introduction of heated buildings this cockroach became established in cooler temperatures.

The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is thought of as one of the most disgusting of household pests. It is oval, shiny black or dark brown, 25 to 30 mm (1 to 1.2 inches) long, with a life cycle resembling that of the American cockroach. The male possesses short, fully developed wings, and the female possesses vestigial wings. This cockroach has been spread in vehicles of commerce from its Asiatic origins to almost every temperate regions.

Wood roaches are feral pests. Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, the common wood cockroach, lives beneath logs and stones in northern latitudes. The male and female are so unlike in appearance that they were initially considered unique species. The male, 15 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 inch) long, possesses wings that go beyond the abdomen; the female is smaller and possesses much shorter wings. Cryptocercus punctulatus consumes wood with the help of certain protozoans in its digestive tract.

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