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A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are often utilized to cover floor and roof construction. They have been favourite areas for decoration from the earliest periods: either in painting the flat surface, in emphasizing the structural members of roof or floor, or by commandeering it as an area for an overall pattern of relief.

Little more than guesswork is proved of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were intricate with relief as well as painting, as is seen at the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the Gothic period, the common theme was to use structural elements decoratively then adapted to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, in which big cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and often painted in attractive colours.

During the Renaissance, ceiling design was progressed to its highest tip of individuality and differentiation. Three kinds were further elaborated. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far bettered their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges ornately carved and the field of every coffer marked with a rosette. The second kind consisted of ceilings largely or somewhat vaulted, commonly with arched intersections, with painted bands foregrounding the architectural design and with pictures filling the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime illustration of this. In the Baroque period, mystical figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style illustrate this. In the third sort, which was especially found of Venice, the ceiling became a huge framed picture, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.

In contemporary architecture ceilings can be split into two major forms — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance below the structural members, some architects have attempted to conceal great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most suspended ceilings feature a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, bringing out the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in showing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Because of this inclination, some structural systems have been created that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and become desirable ceilings.

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